Biology Notes — Free & Complete

Scientific method, hypothesis, theory, and law. Levels of biological organization from molecules to biosphere.

Structure and functions of all biological macromolecules. ATP structure, enzyme structure, DNA vs RNA.

Lock-and-key vs induced fit model, competitive and non-competitive inhibition, Michaelis-Menten equation.

Ultra-structure of organelles, fluid mosaic model, transport across membrane — diffusion, osmosis, active transport.

Five kingdom classification, viral replication cycles, bacterial cell structure, important diseases.

Plant divisions with characteristic features, alternation of generations, economic importance.

Major animal phyla with distinguishing features, coelom, symmetry, metamorphosis.

Z-scheme of light reactions, C3/C4 plants, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, ATP yield.

Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, absorption, liver functions, nutritional deficiencies.

Mechanism of breathing, lung volumes, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood.

Cardiac cycle, blood pressure, ECG, ABO blood groups, transport in plants — cohesion-tension theory.

Nephron anatomy, glomerular filtration rate, counter-current mechanism, dialysis vs transplant.

Insulin and glucagon mechanism, diabetes types, hypothalamus thermostat, fever mechanism.

Sliding filament theory, neuromuscular junction, types of joints, bone diseases like osteoporosis.

Neuron anatomy, synapse transmission, reflex arc, brain lobes and functions, receptor organs.

Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, placenta formation.

Phases of mitosis and meiosis, significance of meiosis, stem cells, growth curves.

Punnett squares for all cross types, chi-square test, X-linked traits like color blindness and hemophilia.

Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, colorblindness, sickle cell anemia — molecular basis and inheritance patterns.

Lamarck vs Darwin, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allopatric/sympatric speciation, fossil record evidence.

Trophic levels, 10% energy rule, carbon/nitrogen cycles, primary and secondary succession.

Sources and effects of air/water/soil pollution, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, conservation strategies.